Struggling to install via USB

[gold_finger]

skar,

NOTE:  Just saw your post before I finished writing this.  Skip down to the "P.s." at bottom to answer a quick question before I log off for the night.

I see you wiped out Windows 8 on the computer -- it's not listed in the partition output -- so that makes one less thing to worry about.  It also means that you WILL be able to install Linux Lite on the computer.  One way or the other, you can get it installed now.

Here are your choices:

1. Since you already have Xubuntu installed in UEFI-mode using GPT partitions, you can attempt to boot and install Linux Lite in that mode.  That is not "officially" encouraged, but I'm curious to know if it will work.  (I don't have a UEFI computer to test that myself.)  If you can get the USB to boot in UEFI-mode, I'm betting it will install.
   
2. Or, change UEFI settings to boot in CSM/Legacy mode; then re-install Xubuntu in Legacy-mode using regular MBR partitions.  Then do the same with Linux Lite and you'll have no problem installing it.
   
3. Lastly, Linux OSs (unlike Windows) can be installed to GPT partitioned disks in CSM/Legacy mode also.  You may be able to convert the current Xubuntu install for that mode, but you'll need to add a special "bios_boot" partition first, then run Boot-Repair utility to convert it after changing the boot mode to CSM/Legacy.  If that works, then you can install LL to the GPT disk as well, but direct boot loader installation to the "bios_boot" partition instead of the MBR.
   

I know it all sounds pretty confusing right now, but hang in there -- I'm sure we can get it done.  Personally, I think either of the first two are your best bet.  The last option I'm not as confident in.  I don't have time to write up detailed instructions right now, but will try doing so in about 8-12 hours.

P.s.
Just saw your last post while I typed above.  Sounds like you are able to boot LL -- just won't install grub correctly.  Before wiping LL off of the drive, can you boot the live LL again and post back the output of these two commands from the live USB (not Xubuntu).

Code:

ls /sys/firmware

and

Code:

sudo parted -l

P.s.s.
Do you still have Xubuntu on the drive?  Are you wanting to dual-boot with it, or do you only want LL on the computer?  If your goal is to only have LL, then install will be very easy.  Let us know if that is the case.