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Command Line. Or. How I faced my Demons and Overcame them. By finding RTFM. - Printable Version

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Command Line. Or. How I faced my Demons and Overcame them. By finding RTFM. - rokytnji - 01-21-2015

You'll find the vast majority of commands on your system using this command:

Code:
ls -l /bin /usr/bin

also, some admin commands:

Code:
ls -l /sbin /usr/sbin

to read the manual page for a command ('grep', for example)

Code:
man grep

some commands also have info pages, like:

Code:
info grep

you can get some more info about a program by executing it with the --help switch

Code:
grep --help

If this unedjucated scooter tramp can tread where smarter minds than his fear to tread. So can you.

Just a example

Code:
harry@biker1:~$ ifconfig --help
Usage:
  ifconfig [-a] [-v] [-s] <interface> [[<AF>] <address>]
  [add <address>[/<prefixlen>]]
  [del <address>[/<prefixlen>]]
  [[-]broadcast [<address>]]  [[-]pointopoint [<address>]]
  [netmask <address>]  [dstaddr <address>]  [tunnel <address>]
  [outfill <NN>] [keepalive <NN>]
  [hw <HW> <address>]  [metric <NN>]  [mtu <NN>]
  [[-]trailers]  [[-]arp]  [[-]allmulti]
  [multicast]  [[-]promisc]
  [mem_start <NN>]  [io_addr <NN>]  [irq <NN>]  [media <type>]
  [txqueuelen <NN>]
  [[-]dynamic]
  [up|down] ...

  <HW>=Hardware Type.
  List of possible hardware types:
    loop (Local Loopback) slip (Serial Line IP) cslip (VJ Serial Line IP)
    slip6 (6-bit Serial Line IP) cslip6 (VJ 6-bit Serial Line IP) adaptive (Adaptive Serial Line IP)
    ash (Ash) ether (Ethernet) ax25 (AMPR AX.25)
    netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) rose (AMPR ROSE) tunnel (IPIP Tunnel)
    ppp (Point-to-Point Protocol) hdlc ((Cisco)-HDLC) lapb (LAPB)
    arcnet (ARCnet) dlci (Frame Relay DLCI) frad (Frame Relay Access Device)
    sit (IPv6-in-IPv4) fddi (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) hippi (HIPPI)
    irda (IrLAP) ec (Econet) x25 (generic X.25)
    eui64 (Generic EUI-64)
  <AF>=Address family. Default: inet
  List of possible address families:
    unix (UNIX Domain) inet (DARPA Internet) inet6 (IPv6)
    ax25 (AMPR AX.25) netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) rose (AMPR ROSE)
    ipx (Novell IPX) ddp (Appletalk DDP) ec (Econet)
    ash (Ash) x25 (CCITT X.25)

Someone asks you on a forum. What does "ifconfig -a" say is available for your connections? You are like WTF does he mean?

Now you get a better Idea. Same when someone says  "inxi -F"

Code:
harry@biker1:~$ inxi --help
inxi supports the following options. You can combine them, or list them one
by one. Examples: inxi -v4 -c6 OR inxi -bDc 6. If you start inxi with no
arguments, it will show the short form.

The following options if used without -F, -b, or -v will show just option
line(s): A, C, D, G, I, M, N, P, R, S, f, i, m, n, o, p, l, u, r, s, t - you
can use these alone or together to show just the line(s) you want to see. If
you use them with -v [level], -b or -F, it will show the full output for that
line along with the output for the chosen verbosity level.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Output Control Options:
-A     Audio/sound card information.
-b     Basic output, short form. Like inxi -v 2, only minus hard disk names.
-c     Color schemes. Scheme number is required. Color selectors run a color
       selector option prior to inxi starting which lets you set the config
       file value for the selection.
       Supported color schemes: 0-32 Example: inxi -c 11
       Color selectors for each type display (NOTE: irc and global only show
       safe color set):
         94  Console, out of X
         95  Terminal, running in X - like xTerm
         96  Gui IRC, running in X - like Xchat, Quassel, Konversation etc.
         97  Console IRC running in X - like irssi in xTerm
         98  Console IRC not in  X
         99  Global - Overrides/removes all settings. Setting specific removes
             global.
-C     CPU output, including per CPU clockspeed (if available).
-d     Optical drive data. Same as -Dd. See also -x and -xx.
-D     Full hard Disk info, not only model, ie: /dev/sda ST380817AS 80.0GB.
       See also -x and -xx. Disk total used percentage includes swap partition
       size(s).
-f     All cpu flags, triggers -C. Not shown with -F to avoid spamming. ARM
       cpus show 'features'.
-F     Full output for inxi. Includes all Upper Case line letters, plus -s and
       -n. Does not show extra verbose options like -d -f -l -m -o -p -r -t -u
       -x
-G     Graphic card information (card, display server type/version,
       resolution, glx renderer, version).
-i     Wan IP address, and shows local interfaces (requires ifconfig network
       tool). Same as -Nni. Not shown with -F for user security reasons, you
       shouldn't paste your local/wan IP.
-I     Information: processes, uptime, memory, irc client (or shell type),
       inxi version.
-l     Partition labels. Default: short partition -P. For full -p output, use:
       -pl (or -plu).
-m     Memory (RAM) data. Physical system memory array(s), capacity, how many
       devices (slots) supported, and individual memory devices (sticks of
       memory etc). For devices, shows device locator, size, speed, type
       (like: DDR3). Also see -x, -xx, -xxx
-M     Machine data. Motherboard, Bios, and if present, System Builder (Like
       Lenovo). Older systems/kernels without the required /sys data can use
       dmidecode instead, run as root. Dmidecode can be forced with -! 33
-n     Advanced Network card information. Same as -Nn. Shows interface, speed,
       mac id, state, etc.
-N     Network card information. With -x, shows PCI BusID, Port number.
-o     Unmounted partition information (includes UUID and LABEL if available).
       Shows file system type if you have file installed, if you are root OR
       if you have added to /etc/sudoers (sudo v. 1.7 or newer)
       Example: <username> ALL = NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/file 
-p     Full partition information (-P plus all other detected partitions).
-P     Basic partition information (shows what -v 4 would show, but without
       extra data). Shows, if detected: / /boot /home /tmp /usr /var. Use -p
       to see all mounted partitions.
-r     Distro repository data. Supported repo types: APT; PACMAN; PISI; YUM;
       URPMQ; Ports.
-R     RAID data. Shows RAID devices, states, levels, and components, and
       extra data with -x/-xx. md-raid: If device is resyncing, shows resync
       progress line as well.
-s     Sensors output (if sensors installed/configured): mobo/cpu/gpu temp;
       detected fan speeds. Gpu temp only for Fglrx/Nvidia drivers. Nvidia
       shows screen number for > 1 screens.
-S     System information: host name, kernel, desktop environment (if in X),
       distro
-t     Processes. Requires extra options: c (cpu) m (memory) cm (cpu+memory).
       If followed by numbers 1-20, shows that number of processes for each
       type (default: 5; if in irc, max: 5): -t cm10
       Make sure to have no space between letters and numbers (-t cm10 -
       right, -t cm 10 - wrong).
-u     Partition UUIDs. Default: short partition -P. For full -p output, use:
       -pu (or -plu).
-v     Script verbosity levels. Verbosity level number is required. Should not
       be used with -b or -F
       Supported levels: 0-7 Example: inxi -v 4
         0   Short output, same as: inxi
         1   Basic verbose, -S + basic CPU + -G + basic Disk + -I.
         2   Networking card (-N), Machine (-M) data, shows basic hard disk
             data (names only), and, if present, basic raid (devices only, and
             if inactive, notes that). similar to: inxi -b
         3   Advanced CPU (-C), network (-n) data, and switches on -x advanced
             data option.
         4   Partition size/filled data (-P) for (if present): /, /home,
             /var/, /boot. Shows full disk data (-D).
         5   Audio card (-A); sensors (-s), memory/ram (-m), partition
             label (-l) and UUID (-u), short form of optical drives, standard
             raid data (-R).
         6   Full partition (-p), unmounted partition (-o), optical drive
             (-d), full raid; triggers -xx.
         7   Network IP data (-i); triggers -xxx.
-w     Local weather data/time. To check an alternate location, see:
       -W <location>. For extra weather data options see -x, -xx, and -xxx.
-W     <location> Supported options for <location>: postal code; city,
       state/country; latitude/longitude. Only use if you want the weather
       somewhere other than the machine running inxi. Use only ascii
       characters, replace spaces in city/state/country names with '+'.
       Example: inxi -W new+york,ny
-x     Adds the following extra data (only works with verbose or line output,
       not short form):
         -C  CPU Flags, Bogomips on Cpu;
         -d  Extra optical drive data; adds rev version to optical drive.
         -D  Hdd temp with disk data if you have hddtemp installed, if you are
             root OR if you have added to /etc/sudoers (sudo v. 1.7 or newer)
             Example: <username> ALL = NOPASSWD: /usr/sbin/hddtemp
         -G  Direct rendering status for Graphics (in X).
         -G  (for single gpu, nvidia driver) screen number gpu is running on.
         -i  IPv6 as well for LAN interface (IF) devices.
         -I  System GCC, default. With -xx, also show other installed GCC
             versions. If running in console, not in IRC client, shows shell
             version number, if detected. Init/RC Type and runlevel (if
             available).
         -m  Part number; Max memory module size (if available).
      -N -A  Version/port(s)/driver version (if available) for Network/Audio;
   -N -A -G  Network, audio, graphics, shows PCI Bus ID/Usb ID number of card.
         -R  md-raid: Shows component raid id. Adds second RAID Info line:
             raid level; report on drives (like 5/5); blocks; chunk size;
             bitmap (if present). Resync line, shows blocks synced/total
             blocks. zfs-raid: Shows raid array full size; available size;
             portion allocated to RAID
         -S  Desktop toolkit if avaliable (GNOME/XFCE/KDE only); Kernel gcc
             version
         -t  Memory use output to cpu (-xt c), and cpu use to memory (-xt m).
      -w -W  Wind speed and time zone (-w only).
-xx    Show extra, extra data (only works with verbose or line output, not
       short form):
         -A  Chip vendor:product ID for each audio device.
         -D  Disk serial number.
         -G  Chip vendor:product ID for each video card.
         -I  Other detected installed gcc versions (if present). System
             default runlevel. Adds parent program (or tty) for shell info if
             not in IRC (like Konsole or Gterm). Adds Init/RC (if found)
             version number.
         -m  Manufacturer, Serial Number, single/double bank (if found).
         -M  Chassis information, bios rom size (dmidecode only), if data for
             either is available.
         -N  Chip vendor:product ID for each nic.
         -R  md-raid: Superblock (if present); algorythm, U data. Adds system
             info line (kernel support,read ahead, raid events). If present,
             adds unused device line. Resync line, shows progress bar.
         -S  Display manager (dm) in desktop output, if in X (like kdm, gdm3,
             lightdm).
      -w -W  Humidity, barometric pressure.
   -@ 11-14  Automatically uploads debugger data tar.gz file to
             ftp.techpatterns.com. EG: inxi -xx@14
-xxx   Show extra, extra, extra data (only works with verbose or line output,
       not short form):
         -m  Width of memory bus, data and total (if present and greater than
             data); Detail, if present, for Type; module voltage, if
             available.
         -S  Panel/shell information in desktop output, if in X (like
             gnome-shell, cinnamon, mate-panel).
      -w -W  Location (uses -z/irc filter), weather observation time, wind
             chill, heat index, dew point (shows extra lines for data where
             relevant).
-y     Required extra option: integer, 80 or greater. Set the output line
       width max. Overrides IRC/Terminal settings or actual widths. If used
       with -h, put -y option first. Example: inxi -y 130
-z     Security filters for IP/Mac addresses, location, user home directory
       name. Default on for irc clients.
-Z     Absolute override for output filters. Useful for debugging networking
       issues in irc for example.

Additional Options:
-h --help      This help menu.
-H             This help menu, plus developer options. Do not use dev options
               in normal operation!
--recommends   Checks inxi application dependencies + recommends, and
               directories, then shows what package(s) you need to install to
               add support for that feature.
-U             Auto-update script. Will also install/update man page. Note: if
               you installed as root, you must be root to update, otherwise
               user is fine. Man page installs require root user mode.
-V --version   inxi version information. Prints information then exits.

Debugging Options:
-%     Overrides defective or corrupted data.
-@     Triggers debugger output. Requires debugging level 1-14 (8-10 - logging
       of data). Less than 8 just triggers inxi debugger output on screen.
         1-7 On screen debugger output
         8   Basic logging
         9   Full file/sys info logging
         10  Color logging.
       The following create a tar.gz file of system data, plus collecting the
       inxi output to file. To automatically upload debugger data tar.gz file
       to ftp.techpatterns.com: inxi -xx@ <11-14>
       For alternate ftp upload locations:
       Example: inxi -! ftp.yourserver.com/incoming -xx@ 14
         11  With data file of xiin read of /sys.
         12  With xorg conf and log data, xrandr, xprop, xdpyinfo, glxinfo etc.
         13  With data from dev, disks, partitions, etc., plus xiin data file.
         14  Everything, full data collection.

Advanced Options:
-! 31  Turns off hostname in output. Useful if showing output from servers etc.
-! 32  Turns on hostname in output. Overrides global B_SHOW_HOST='false'
-! 33  Forces use of dmidecode data instead of /sys where relevant (-M).

harry@biker1:~$

Now you can stride through a terminal like the giants. Head held high.

[Image: 0.jpg]

1st one I learned was when someone asked me. What does "cat /etc/issue" say?

So I

Code:
info cat

Happy Trailz , Rok

PS. Don't ask me to interpet. I am a slow study when it comes to code and like you. I learn as I go.

Re: Command Line. Or. How I faced my Demons and Overcame them. By finding RTFM. - gold_finger - 01-21-2015

Nice one rokytnji!  Short, sweet and very useful!

Hope you don't mind -- I added "man" command to it.

Re: Command Line. Or. How I faced my Demons and Overcame them. By finding RTFM. - anon222 - 01-21-2015

Nice, always read the manual.

Introduction to using the shell on Linux
Code:
man intro
Search the man page with /
type /shell while reading the man intro

Search the man pages for a term
Code:
man -k download

display one-line manual page descriptions with whatis.
Code:
whatis man

pipes help when posts are long
Code:
ls -l /bin /usr/bin | less
Code:
ls -l /bin /usr/bin | more
q to quit

For internal shell commands.
Code:
help

Smile
Code:
misko@misko-virtual-machine:~$ whatis help
help: nothing appropriate.


Re: Command Line. Or. How I faced my Demons and Overcame them. By finding RTFM. - rokytnji - 01-21-2015

No problemo gold_finger. This thread was meant to be added to anyways. Won't hurt my feelers.

Code:
harry@biker1:~$ lspci -knn
00:00.0 Host bridge [0600]: Intel Corporation Mobile 4 Series Chipset Memory Controller Hub [8086:2a40] (rev 07)
   Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0263]
   Kernel driver in use: agpgart-intel
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller [0300]: Intel Corporation Mobile 4 Series Chipset Integrated Graphics Controller [8086:2a42] (rev 07)
   Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0263]
   Kernel driver in use: i915
00:02.1 Display controller [0380]: Intel Corporation Mobile 4 Series Chipset Integrated Graphics Controller [8086:2a43] (rev 07)
   Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0263]
00:1a.0 USB controller [0c03]: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI Controller #4 [8086:2937] (rev 02)
   Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0263]
   Kernel driver in use: uhci_hcd
00:1a.1 USB controller [0c03]: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI Controller #5 [8086:2938] (rev 02)
   Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0263]
   Kernel driver in use: uhci_hcd
00:1a.2 USB controller [0c03]: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI Controller #6 [8086:2939] (rev 02)
   Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0263]
   Kernel driver in use: uhci_hcd
00:1a.7 USB controller [0c03]: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #2 [8086:293c] (rev 02)
   Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0263]
   Kernel driver in use: ehci-pci
00:1b.0 Audio device [0403]: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) HD Audio Controller [8086:293e] (rev 02)
   Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0263]
   Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel
00:1c.0 PCI bridge [0604]: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) PCI Express Port 1 [8086:2940] (rev 02)
   Kernel driver in use: pcieport
00:1c.1 PCI bridge [0604]: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) PCI Express Port 2 [8086:2942] (rev 02)
   Kernel driver in use: pcieport
00:1c.4 PCI bridge [0604]: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) PCI Express Port 5 [8086:2948] (rev 02)
   Kernel driver in use: pcieport
00:1d.0 USB controller [0c03]: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI Controller #1 [8086:2934] (rev 02)
   Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0263]
   Kernel driver in use: uhci_hcd
00:1d.1 USB controller [0c03]: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI Controller #2 [8086:2935] (rev 02)
   Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0263]
   Kernel driver in use: uhci_hcd
00:1d.2 USB controller [0c03]: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI Controller #3 [8086:2936] (rev 02)
   Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0263]
   Kernel driver in use: uhci_hcd
00:1d.7 USB controller [0c03]: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #1 [8086:293a] (rev 02)
   Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0263]
   Kernel driver in use: ehci-pci
00:1e.0 PCI bridge [0604]: Intel Corporation 82801 Mobile PCI Bridge [8086:2448] (rev 92)
00:1f.0 ISA bridge [0601]: Intel Corporation ICH9M LPC Interface Controller [8086:2919] (rev 02)
   Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0263]
   Kernel driver in use: lpc_ich
00:1f.2 SATA controller [0106]: Intel Corporation 82801IBM/IEM (ICH9M/ICH9M-E) 4 port SATA Controller [AHCI mode] [8086:2929] (rev 02)
   Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0263]
   Kernel driver in use: ahci
00:1f.3 SMBus [0c05]: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) SMBus Controller [8086:2930] (rev 02)
   Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0263]
02:01.0 CardBus bridge [0607]: Ricoh Co Ltd RL5c476 II [1180:0476] (rev ba)
   Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0263]
   Kernel driver in use: yenta_cardbus
02:01.1 FireWire (IEEE 1394) [0c00]: Ricoh Co Ltd R5C832 IEEE 1394 Controller [1180:0832] (rev 04)
   Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0263]
   Kernel driver in use: firewire_ohci
02:01.2 SD Host controller [0805]: Ricoh Co Ltd R5C822 SD/SDIO/MMC/MS/MSPro Host Adapter [1180:0822] (rev 21)
   Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0263]
   Kernel driver in use: sdhci-pci
09:00.0 Ethernet controller [0200]: Broadcom Corporation NetXtreme BCM5756ME Gigabit Ethernet PCI Express [14e4:1674]
   Subsystem: Dell Device [1028:0263]
   Kernel driver in use: tg3
0c:00.0 Network controller [0280]: Broadcom Corporation BCM4312 802.11b/g LP-PHY [14e4:4315] (rev 01)
   Subsystem: Dell Wireless 1397 WLAN Mini-Card [1028:000c]
   Kernel driver in use: b43-pci-bridge

To monitor free space in real time on your internal hard drive

Code:
watch df